Which Of The Following Best Describes Demographic Changes In The Late 1800s

Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.

The U.S. has a diverse gild, and its history is marked by attempts to concentrate ability, wealth, and privilege into the hands of whites.

Learning Objectives

Describe the history and current situation of at least three minorities in the U.S.

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The accent on racial distinctions often results in the failure to acknowledge the ethnic and national multifariousness that diverse racial groups encompass.
• The negative furnishings of unequal race relations can be seen to this day, admitting to different degrees, amongst all not-European American groups.
• A model minority is a stereotype of a minority group that is considered to have achieved educational, professional, and socioeconomic success without threatening the condition quo.

Key Terms

• Multi-Racial: When a person's heritage comes from a variety of unlike races.
• Model Minority: A minority grouping that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.

The Usa is a very diverse, multi-racial and multi-ethnic country; people from around the world have been immigrating to the United States for several hundred years. While the first wave of immigrants came from Western Europe, the bulk of people inbound North America were from Northern Europe, then Eastern Europe, followed past Latin America and Asia. There was besides the forced immigration of African slaves. Native Americans, who did not emigrate merely rather inhabited the land prior to immigration, experienced displacement as a result. Most of these groups as well suffered a menstruation of disenfranchisement and prejudice as they went through the procedure of assimilation.

Since its early history, Native Americans, African Americans, and European Americans were considered as dissimilar races in the United States. The differences attributed to each group, however, peculiarly the differences used to designate European Americans as the superior race, had little to do with biological science. Instead, these racial designations were a means to concentrate power, wealth, land, and privilege in the hands of the European Americans. Moreover, the emphasis on racial distinctions often led to the lack of acknowledgement or over-simplification of the swell indigenous diversity of the state's population. For example, the racial category of "white" or European American fails to reverberate that members of this grouping hail from very different countries. Similarly, the racial category of "black" does not distinguish people from the Caribbean area from those who were brought to North America from various parts of Africa.

Today, the U.S. continues to run across a meaning influx of immigrants from all over the world. Race relations in the U.S. remain problematic, marked by discrimination, persecution, violence, and an ongoing struggle for ability and equality.

Native Americans

The brutal confrontation betwixt the European colonists and the Native Americans, which resulted in the decimation of the latter's population, is well known as an historical tragedy. Even later the establishment of the United States regime, discrimination against Native Americans was codified and formalized in a serial of laws intended to subjugate them and keep them from gaining any power. The eradication of Native American civilisation continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans were able to participate in, and benefit from, the civil rights move. Native Americans still suffer the effects of centuries of deposition. Long-term poverty, inadequate instruction, cultural dislocation, and loftier rates of unemployment contribute to Native American populations falling to the bottom of the economic spectrum.

African Americans

African Americans arrived in N America under duress every bit slaves, and there is no starker illustration of the dominant- subordinate group relationship than that of slavery. Slaves were stripped of all their rights and privileges, and were at the absolute mercy of their owners. For African Americans, the ceremonious rights movement was an indication that a subordinate group would no longer willingly submit to domination. The major blow to America'south formally institutionalized racism was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Act, which is still followed today, banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Some sociologists, nevertheless, would fence that institutionalized racism persists, especially since African Americans still fair poorly in terms of employment, insurance coverage, and incarceration, as well as in the areas of economics, wellness, and pedagogy.

Asian Americans

Asian Americans come from a diversity of cultures, including Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese. They, too, have been subjected to racial prejudice. The Chinese Exclusion Human activity of 1882, for example, which was motivated by white workers blaming Chinese migrants for taking their jobs, resulted in the abrupt finish of Chinese immigration and the segregation of Chinese already in America; this segregation resulted in the Chinatowns establish in large cities. Nevertheless, despite a difficult history, Asian Americans accept earned the positive stereotype of the model minority. The model minority stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.

Hispanic Americans

Hispanic Americans come up from a broad range of backgrounds and nationalities. Mexican Americans form the largest Hispanic subgroup, and too the oldest. Mexican Americans, especially those who are here illegally, are at the center of a national fence most immigration. Mexican immigrants experience relatively depression rates of economic and civil assimilation, which is most likely compounded past the fact that many of them are illegally in the country. By contrast, Cuban Americans are often seen every bit a model minority group inside the larger Hispanic grouping. As with Asian Americans, however, being a model minority can mask the result of powerlessness that these minority groups face in U.S. guild.

Hispanic Population Distribution in the US: This map shows data gathered in the 2010 US Census of Spanish-speaking populations effectually the US.

Racial Groups

The United States is a various country, racially and ethnically.

Learning Objectives

Explicate what definitions of race are deployed past the U.S. demography

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The The states Census Bureau likewise classifies Americans equally " Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino. " Hispanic and Latino Americans are a racially diverse ethnicity that composes the largest minority grouping in the nation.
• The ane drib rule, a historical colloquial term, stated that any one considered to have fifty-fifty a drop of black claret was to be classified as existence blackness. This was an endeavor to restore white supremacy during the post Civil War Reconstruction era.
• The Blood Quantum, or Indian Blood, Laws refers to legislation in the The states to establish a person's membership in Native American tribes or nations.

Key Terms

• One Drop Rule: A historical vernacular term in the United States for the social nomenclature as black of individuals with any African beginnings; meaning any person with "one drop of black blood" was considered black.
• Other Pacific Islander: A United States Census category referring to individuals from the Pacific Islands but not Hawaii.
• ethnicity: The identity of a grouping of people having common racial, national, religious, or cultural origins.

The United States is a diverse land, racially and ethnically. Half dozen races are officially recognized: white, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, black or African American, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. A race called, "Another race," is also used in the census and other surveys simply is non official.

The United States Census Agency also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino," which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans every bit a racially diverse ethnicity that composes the largest minority group in the nation.

History

The immigrants to the New World of the Americas came largely from ethnically diverse regions of the European One-time World. In the Americas, the immigrant populations began to mix among themselves and with the indigenous inhabitants of the continent, as well as the enslaved Africans.

From the start of U.Due south. history, Native Americans, African Americans, and European Americans were classified equally belonging to different races. For well-nigh three centuries, the criteria for membership in these groups were like, comprising a person's appearance, their fraction of known non-European beginnings and their social circle. This inverse in the belatedly nineteenth century.

Throughout the post-Ceremonious War Reconstruction era, in an effort to restore white supremacy in the South after the emancipation of slaves, the ruling white majority began to classify anyone considered to have "i drop" of "blackness claret," or any known African beginnings, to be "black." In most southern states, this definition was not put into law until the twentieth century. Many local governments established racial segregation of facilities during what came to exist known as the Jim Crow era, which began in the late 1800s.

In the twentieth century, efforts to sort the increasingly mixed population of the Us into discrete categories generated many difficulties for the U.South. government (Spickard, 1992). By the standards used in past censuses, many millions of mixed-race children born in the United States have been classified as of a dissimilar race than one of their biological parents. Efforts to rail mixing betwixt groups led to a proliferation of categories (such as "mulatto" and "octoroon") and so-called "blood breakthrough" distinctions, which refers to the degree of ancestry for an individual of a specific racial or indigenous group (e.k., saying someone is "1/four Omaha tribe").

These various distinctions became increasingly untethered from cocky-reported ancestry. Further complicating this fact is that a person's racial identity can alter over time, and cocky-ascribed race can differ from assigned race (Kressin et al., 2003).

Current Official Definitions of Race and Ethnicity

Aside from their varied social, civilization, and political connotations, the idea of racial groups have been used in U.S. censuses equally self-identification data items in which residents choose the race or, starting with the 2000 Us Census, races with which they most closely identify. Respondents likewise indicate whether or non they are of Hispanic or Latino origin, which the census considers separately from race. While many run into race and ethnicity as the same thing, ethnicity generally refers to a group of people whose members identify with each other through a mutual heritage and culture, equally opposed to the implication of shared biological traits associated with the term "race."

The American Public by Ancestry, 2000: Especially in the southwest United States, people of Latino origin make up a significant proportion of The states residents.

These categories, therefore, stand for a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this state. " The concept of race, equally outlined for the U.S. Demography, has been described equally not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics too as beginnings," using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are non "primarily biological or genetic in reference. " The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

Ethnic Groups

An ethnic group is a group of people who share a common heritage, culture, and/or language; in the U.South., ethnicity often refers to race.

Learning Objectives

Explain why ethnic and racial categories tend to overlap in the U.Southward.

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In the United States of America, the term "ethnic" carries a different pregnant from how it is normally used in another countries, due to the historical and ongoing significance of racial distinctions that categorize together what might otherwise have been viewed as ethnic groups.
• Ethnicity in U.S. therefore usually refers to collectives of related groups, having more than to do with physical appearance, specifically pare colour, rather than political boundaries.
• The formal and informal inscription of racialized groupings into law and social stratification schemes has bestowed upon race a fundamental social identification role in the United States.

Cardinal Terms

• social stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of social classes, or castes, within a society.
• indigenous group: A group of people who place with 1 another, specially on the basis of racial, cultural, or religious grounds.

An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other through a common heritage, which mostly consists of a common culture and shared language or dialect. The grouping'south ethos or credo may also stress mutual ancestry, religion, or race.

In the United states, the term "ethnic" carries a different meaning from how it is unremarkably used in some other countries. This is due to the historical and ongoing significance of racial distinctions that categorize together what might otherwise take been viewed as ethnic groups. For example, various ethnic, "national," or linguistic groups from Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Latin America, and Indigenous America have long been combined together as racial minority groups (currently designated as African American, Asian, Latino and Native American or American Indian, respectively).

While a sense of ethnic identity may coexist with racial identity (Chinese Americans amid Asian or Irish American amid European or White, for example), the long history of the U.s.a. as a settler, conqueror, and slave club, and the formal and informal inscription of racialized groupings into law and social stratification schemes has bestowed upon race a fundamental social identification role in the United states of america.

Examples of Overlapping Racial and Indigenous Categories in the U.South.

Ethnicity in U.S. therefore unremarkably refers to collectives of related groups, having more to practise with concrete advent, specifically skin colour, rather than political boundaries. The word "nationality" is more commonly used for this purpose (east.g. Italian, Mexican, French, Russian, Japanese). Most prominently in the U.South., Latin American descended populations are grouped in a " Hispanic " or "Latino" ethnicity. The many previously designated "Oriental" indigenous groups are now classified every bit the "Asian" racial group for the census.

The terms "Black" and "African American," while unlike, are both used as indigenous categories in the U.S. In the late 1980s, the term "African American" came into prominence as the most appropriate and politically right race designation. While it was intended as a shift away from the racial injustices of America's past oftentimes associated with the historical views of the "Blackness" race, it largely became a simple replacement for the terms Black, Colored, Negro and like terms, referring to any individual of dark skin color regardless of geographical descent.

The term Caucasian generally describes some or all people whose beginnings can exist traced to Europe, the Eye East, the Horn of Africa, Northward Africa, Central Asia, and Due south Asia. This includes European-colonized countries in the Americas, Australasia, and S Africa, among others. All the same are categorized as office of the "White" racial group, equally per U.S. Census categorization. This category has been split into two groups: Hispanics and non-Hispanics (eastward.g. White not-Hispanic and White Hispanic. )

15 Largest Ancestries in the 2000 Demography: Top ancestries recorded in 2000.

Immigration and Illegal Immigration

Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the history and condition of clearing (both legal and illegal) and the workforce in the United states of america

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• Immigration to the The states has been a major source of population growth and cultural change. Dissimilar historical periods have brought distinct national groups, races and ethnicities to the United States.
• In recent years, immigration has increased substantially.
• American attitudes toward immigration are markedly ambivalent. In general, Americans have more positive attitudes toward groups that have been visible for a century or more, and much more negative attitude toward contempo arrivals.
• An illegal immigrant in the United states of america is an conflicting (non-citizen) who has entered the Us without government permission and in violation of United states of america Nationality Law, or stayed across the termination date of a visa, too in violation of the police force.

Central Terms

• clearing: The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a state for the purpose of permanent residence.
• illegal immigration: When a person enters the U.s.a. without governmental permission and in violation of the United states Nationality Law, or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa, also in violation of the law.

Clearing is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. Immigration occurs for many reasons, including economic, political, family re-unification, natural disasters, or poverty. Many immigrants came to America to escape religious persecution or dire economic conditions. Most hoped coming to America would provide freedom and opportunity.

History

Immigration to the United States has been a major source of population growth and cultural change. Unlike historical periods accept brought singled-out national groups, races and ethnicities to the United States. During the 17^th century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America. Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17^thursday and xviii^thursday centuries arrived as indentured servants. The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe; the early twentieth-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe; mail-1965 generally from Latin America and Asia.

Contemporary Clearing

In recent years, clearing has increased essentially. In 1965, ethnic quotas were removed; these quotas had restricted the number of immigrants allowed from different parts of the world. Clearing doubled between 1965 and 1970, and again between 1970 and 1990. Betwixt 2000 and 2005, nearly 8 one thousand thousand immigrants entered the United states of america, more than than in whatever other v-year menses in the nation'southward history. In 2006, the U.s.a. accepted more than legal immigrants equally permanent residents than all other countries in the world combined.

Recent Immigration Demographics

Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. Past the 1990s, women deemed for just over half of all legal immigrants. Contemporary immigrants tend to exist younger than the native population of the United States, with people between the ages of xv and 34 substantially over-represented Immigrants are likewise more likely to be married and less likely to exist divorced than native-born Americans of the aforementioned age.

Immigrants come from all over the globe, but a pregnant number come up from Latin America. In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, in that location were an estimated 500,000 Hispanics. The Census Bureau projects that by 2050, one-quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent. This demographic shift is largely fueled by immigration from Latin America.

Immigrants are likely to movement to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.

Public Stance Toward Immigrants

American attitudes toward immigration are markedly clashing. American history is rife with examples of anti-immigrant opinion. Benjamin Franklin opposed German clearing, warning Germans would not digest. In the 1850s, the nativist Know Nothing movement opposed Irish immigration, promulgating fears that the state was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants.

In general, Americans have more positive attitudes toward groups that have been visible for a century or more, and much more than negative attitude toward recent arrivals.According to a 1982 national poll past the Roper Eye at the University of Connecticut, "By high margins, Americans are telling pollsters it was a very expert thing that Poles, Italians, and Jews emigrated to America. Once over again, information technology'due south the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion. This time, it'southward the Mexicans, the Filipinos, and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous. "

One of the most of import factors regarding public stance most immigration is the level of unemployment; anti-immigrant sentiment is highest where unemployment is highest, and vice versa. In fact, in the United states of america, but 0.16 per centum of the workforce are legal immigrants.

Illegal Clearing to the The states

An illegal immigrant in the U.s. is an alien (non-denizen) who has entered the U.s. without authorities permission and in violation of Usa Nationality Constabulary, or stayed across the termination date of a visa, too in violation of the law. Illegal immigrants continue to outpace the number of legal immigrants—a trend that'southward held steady since the 1990s. The illegal immigrant population is estimated to be between 7 and 20 meg. More than 50% of illegal immigrants are from Mexico.

While the majority of illegal immigrants continue to concentrate in places with existing large Hispanic communities, illegal immigrants are increasingly settling throughout the residuum of the country. A percentage of illegal immigrants do not remain indefinitely but do render to their country of origin; they are often referred to as "sojourners", for "they come to the United states for several years merely eventually return to their abode land. "

The continuing practice of hiring unauthorized workers has been referred to as the magnet for illegal clearing. As a meaning percentage of employers are willing to rent illegal immigrants for higher pay than they would typically receive in their former land, illegal immigrants have prime number motivation to cross borders. Just migration is expensive, and dangerous for those who enter illegally. Participants in debates on immigration in the early xx-commencement century accept called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal clearing to the Usa, building a barrier forth some or all of the 2,000-mile (3,200 km) U.Southward.-Mexico border, or creating a new guest worker program.

Affirmative Activity

Affirmative action refers refers to policies that have factors such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and religion into consideration.

Learning Objectives

Discuss arguments for and against affirmative action

Key Takeaways

Central Points

• Affirmative activeness measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment, on the basis of "color, faith, sex, or national origin".
• The controversy surrounding affirmative action'south effectiveness is oft based on the idea of class inequality.
• Other opponents of affirmative activeness call it opposite discrimination, saying affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate.

Key Terms

• affirmative action: A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential admission to education, employment, health intendance, social welfare, etc.

In the United States, affirmative activeness refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors such equally public universities and government agencies are legally required to prefer. These measures are intended to forbid discrimination against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of "color, faith, sex, or national origin". Examples of affirmative action offered by the The states Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and direction development, and employee support programs.

The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages associated with overt historical discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure that public institutions, such equally universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.

Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted equally affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized equally a course of reverse discrimination, an implementation ruled unconstitutional past the U.Southward. Supreme Court in 2003, though the Court as well upheld affirmative action as a practice in a court case held simultaneously that twelvemonth.

History of the Term

Affirmative action in the Us began equally a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the 1960s. This specific term was showtime used to draw U.s. government policy in 1961. Directed to all authorities contracting agencies, President John F. Kennedy's Executive Society 10925 mandated "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. "

Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson outlined the basic social science view that supports such policies:

"Men and women of all races are built-in with the same range of abilities. But power is not just the product of birth. Ability is stretched or stunted by the family unit that you live with, and the neighborhood you live in—by the school you lot get to and the poverty or the richness of your environs. It is the product of a hundred unseen forces playing upon the piddling babe, the kid, and finally the man."

Arguments Against Affirmative Action

The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is often based on the idea of grade inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action fence that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-form African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of solely class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately fabricated up of people of color, so grade-based affirmative action would unduly help people of color. This would eliminate the demand for race-based affirmative action too as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle and upper class people of color.

Other opponents of affirmative action call it contrary discrimination, saying affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. Co-ordinate to these opponents, this contradiction makes affirmative activeness counter-productive. Other opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure. Other opponents say that affirmative activity lowers the bar, and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of existent achievement.

Some opponents farther claim that affirmative activeness has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces former wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves every bit disadvantaged even if they are not. Information technology may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within majority groups (such every bit lower-form whites). Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it is supposed to aid, therefore making affirmative activeness counter-productive.

Implementation in Universities

In the Usa, a prominent form of affirmative activeness centers on access to education, especially admission to universities and other forms of higher instruction. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the academy in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when assessing the significant of an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and accept fees paid on the basis of criteria listed in a higher place. In 1978, the Supreme Courtroom ruled in Bakke five. Regents that public universities (and other authorities institutions) could not prepare specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Courtroom said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.

John F. Kennedy: John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, who established the concept of affirmative activeness by mandating that projects financed with federal funds "have affirmative action" to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.

A Multicultural Society

Multiculturalism is an ideology that promotes the institutionalization of communities containing multiple cultures.

Learning Objectives

Draw how multiculturalism is addressed in the U.S.

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Multiculturalism is by and large practical to the demographic make-up of a specific place, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities, or nations.
• In the United States, continuous mass clearing has been a feature of economy and order since the first half of the 19th century.
• The absorption of the stream of immigrants in itself became a prominent characteristic of America's national myth, inspiring its own narrative about its past that is centered around multiculturalism and the embrace of newcomers from many dissimilar backgrounds.

Key Terms

• national myth: An inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past that serves every bit an important national symbol and affirms a set of national values.
• multiculturalism: A characteristic of a society that has many unlike ethnic or national cultures mingling freely. It can also refer to political or social policies which support or encourage such a coexistence. Important in this is the idea that cultural practices, no matter how unusual, should be tolerated every bit a measure out of respect.

Multiculturalism is an credo that promotes the institutionalization of communities containing multiple cultures. It is generally applied to the demographic brand-upwardly of a specific identify, ordinarily at the organizational level, eastward.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities, or nations.

In a political context the term is used for a broad variety of meanings, ranging from the advocacy of equal respect for the various cultures in a guild, to a policy of promoting the maintenance of cultural diverseness, to policies in which people of various indigenous and religious groups are addressed by the regime as defined by the group they belong to.

In the United States, multiculturalism is non clearly established in policy at the federal level. Instead, it has been addressed primarily through the school arrangement with the rising of indigenous studies programs in higher education and attempts to make the grade schoolhouse curricula more than inclusive of the history and contributions of not-white peoples.

Multiculturalism and the National Myth

In the U.s.a., continuous mass immigration has been a feature of economic system and society since the kickoff half of the xix^thursday century. The assimilation of the stream of immigrants in itself became a prominent characteristic of America's national myth, inspiring its own narrative well-nigh its past.

This found item expression in America as a "Melting Pot," a metaphor that implies that all the immigrant cultures are mixed and amalgamated without state intervention. This metaphor besides suggests that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own footstep. The Melting Pot tradition co-exists with a belief in national unity, dating from the American founding fathers:

"Providence has been pleased to give this one continued land to one united people—a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the aforementioned language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of authorities, very similar in their manners and customs… This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance and so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties. " —John Jay, Offset American Supreme Court Main Justice, Federalist Paper No. 2

Multiculturalism as a Philosophy

Every bit a philosophy, multiculturalism began every bit part of the pragmatism movement at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe and the United States, then as political and cultural pluralism at the turn of the twentieth. It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in sub-Saharan Africa and the massive clearing of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the U.s. and Latin America.

Philosophers, psychologists, historians, and early sociologists such as Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, George Santayana, Horace Kallen, John Dewey, Westward. E. B. Du Bois, and Alain Locke developed concepts of cultural pluralism, from which emerged what we understand today as multiculturalism. In Pluralistic Universe (1909), William James consort the idea of a "plural club" and saw pluralism as "crucial to the formation of philosophical and social humanism to help build a amend, more than egalitarian society. "

Multiculturalism in Education

The educational approach to multiculturalism has recently spread to the grade schoolhouse system, every bit schoolhouse systems try to rework their curricula to introduce students to diversity at an earlier age. This is oft on the grounds that it is important for minority students to see themselves represented in the classroom. Studies estimate that the 46.3 million Americans ages 14 to 24 are the most diverse generation in American society.

Controversy over Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is a highly disputed topic in the United States. For example, in 2009 and 2010, controversy erupted in Texas every bit the state 's curriculum committee made several changes to the land'due south school cirriculum requirements, ofttimes at the expense of minorities: juxtaposing Abraham Lincoln'due south inaugural accost with that of Confederate president Jefferson Davis; debating removing Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall and labor-leader César Chávez; and rejecting calls to include more Hispanic figures, in spite of the high Hispanic population in the state.

New York City Circa 1900: Mulberry Street, along which Manhattan's Little Italian republic is centered. Lower East Side, New York Metropolis, United States, circa 1900.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-u-s/

Posted by: millerwervaing.blogspot.com

Share this post